Genre Trouble in Tibet: Ethnic Identity and Literary Labels in Tashi Dawa and Ma Yuan

Katarzyna Sarek

doi:10.18290/rh25739.4

Data publikacji : 2025-11-19

Tom 73 Nr 9 (2025)

Problemy z gatunkiem w Tybecie – tożsamość etniczna i etykiety gatunkowe dotyczące twórczości Tashi Dawa i Ma Yuana

Katarzyna Sarek

DOI: https://doi.org/10.18290/rh25739.4

Abstrakt

Artykuł analizuje, w jaki sposób etnos Tashi Dawy, twórcy z kręgu kultury sino-tybetańskiej, wpływa na sposób postrzegania jego twórczości jako „etnicznej” lub w nurcie „magicznego realizmu”, mimo że jego styl narracyjny jest bliższy literaturze awangardowej. Chińscy i zachodni krytycy koncentrują się bowiem na tybetańskich elementach kulturowych obecnych w jego opowiadaniach, związanych z jego mieszanym pochodzeniem. Ma Yuan, który również pisze o Tybecie, a w jego tekstach występują elementy realizmu magicznego, jako Chińczyk Han jest postrzegany wyłącznie jako twórca awangardowy, co uwypukla rolę etnosu w procesie kategoryzowania literackiego. Artykuł bada konstrukcję narracyjną oraz ramy metafikcyjne w twórczości Tashi Dawy, argumentując na rzecz uznania go za pisarza awangardowego.

Słowa kluczowe:

Tashi Dawa, Ma Yuan, Węzły duszy, Zaklęcie Gór Gangtise, pisarz etniczny, awangarda, literatura chińska

Szczegóły

Bibliografia

Statystyki

Autorzy

Pobierz pliki

pdf (English)

Wskaźniki altmetryczne

Cited by / Share

Licencja

Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.

Bibliografia

Ashcroft, Bill, Gareth Griffiths, and Helen Tiffin. 2007. Postcolonial Studies: The Key Concepts. 2nd ed. London: Routledge.

Barmé, Geremie, and John Minford, eds. Seeds of Fire: Chinese Voices of Conscience. New York: Hill and Wang, 1988.

Batt, Herbert J., ed., trans. 2001. Tales of Tibet: Sky Burials, Prayer Wheels, and Wind Horses. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Bender, Mark. 2023. “Ethnic Minority Literature.” In A World History of Chinese Literature, edited by Yingjin Zhang, 261–75. Abington: Routledge.

Bertens, Hans, and Douwe Fokkema, eds. 1997. International Postmodernism: Theory and Literary Practice. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Choy, Howard Y. F. 2005. “Historiographic Alternatives for China: Tibet in Contemporary Fiction by Tashi Dawa, Alai, and Ge Fei.” American Journal of Chinese Studies 12 (1): 65–84.

Chen, Xiaoming 陈晓明. 2013. Zhongguo dangdai wenxue zhuchao 中国当代文学主潮 [Main currents of contemporary Chinese Literature]. 2nd ed. Beijing: Peking University Press.

Chen, Xiaoming 陈晓明. 2015. Wu bian de tiao zhan: Zhongguo xian feng wen xue de hou xian dai xing 无边的挑战: 中国先锋文学的后现代性 (修订版) [Boundless challenges: The postmodernism of China’s avant-garde literature]. Rev. ed. China Renmin University Press.

Cuddon, John A., and M. A. R. Habib, eds. 2013. A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. 5th ed. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.

Gatherer, William. Ma Yuan: The Chinese Avant-Garde, Metafiction, and Post-Postmodernism. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2021.

Grünfelder, Alice. 1999. Tashi Dawa und die neuere tibetische Literatur. N.p.: Projekt, Bochum.

Hladíková, Kateřina. 2013. The Exotic Other and Negotiation of Tibetan Self: Representation of Tibet in Chinese and Tibetan Fiction of the 1980s. Olomouc: Palacký University Press.

Hladíková, Kateřina. 2023. “Voiceless Tibet? Past and Present in Tibetan Sinophone Writing by Tsering Norbu.” Voiced and Voiceless in Asia, edited by Helena Zawiszová and Marek Lavička, 435–56. Olomouc: Palacký University Press. https://doi.org/10.5507/ff.23.24462691.16.

Hong, Zicheng 洪子诚. 2001. Dangdai wenxue yanjiu 当代文学研究 [Contemporary literary studies]. Beijing: Beijing chuban she.

Hong, Zicheng 洪子诚. 2007. Zhongguo dangdai wenxue shi 中国当代文学史 [A history of contemporary Chinese literature]. 2nd ed. Beijing: Beijing chuban she.

Inge, M. Thomas. 2000. “Mo Yan: Through Western Eyes.” World Literature Today 74 (3): 501–6.

Kubin, Wolfgang. 2005. Die chinesische Literatur im 20. Jahrhundert. München: K. G. Saur.

Li, Jiajun 李佳俊. 1985. “Shenghuo de miaoxie he wenxue de sikao – du ‘Lasahe de nüshen’ duanxianglu 生活的描写和文学的思考 — 读《拉萨河的女神》断想录 [Depictions of life and literary reflections – reading fragments of The Goddess of the Lhasa River].” Tibetan Literature, no. 1, 54–56.

Li, Meng, and King-fai Tam. 2018. “Literature of Reform and Root-Seeking.” Routledge Handbook of Modern Chinese Literature, edited by Ming Dong Gu, 450–61. London: Routledge.

Liu, Xiaofei. 2023. “Tibetan Stories with Transcultural Perspectives and Experimental Styles: Chinese Avant-Garde Fiction as an Example.” In China’s Avant-Garde, 1978–2018, edited by Daniel Berg and Andreas Strafella, 135–62. Abington: Routledge.

Lu, Tonglin. 1995. Misogyny, Cultural Nihilism, and Oppositional Politics: Contemporary Chinese Experimental Fiction. Redwood City, CA: Stanford University Press.

Ma, Yuan. 2011. “The Spell of the Gangtise Mountains.” Ballads of the Himalaya: Stories of Tibet. Translated by Yang Xiaobin. Merwin Asia.

Schiaffini-Vedani, Patricia. 2002. “Tashi Dawa: Magic Realism and Contested Identity in Modern Tibet.” PhD diss., University of Pennsylvania.

Schiaffini-Vedani, Patricia. 2004. “The Language Divide: Identity and Literary Choices in Modern Tibet.” Journal of International Affairs 57, (2): 81–98.

Schiaffini-Vedani, Patricia. 2008. “The ‘Condor’ Flies over Tibet: Zhaxi Dawa and the Significance of Tibetan Magic Realism.” In Modern Tibetan Literature and Social Change, edited by Patricia Schiaffini-Vedani and Lauran R. Hartley 202–24. Durham: Duke University Press.

Schweiger, Irene. 2018. “Avant-Garde Fiction: Can Xue, Ma Yuan, Yu Hua and Others.” In Routledge Handbook of Modern Chinese Literature, edited by Ming Dong Gu, 435–46. London: Routledge.

Stewart, Frank, and Herbert J. Batt, eds. 2003. The Mystified Boat and Other New Stories from China. Hawaii: University of Hawai’i Press.

Suher, Dylan, and Joan Hua. 2015. “An Interview with Can Xue.” Asymptote Journal, (January). https://www.asymptotejournal.com/interview/an-interview-with-can-xue.

Tashi, Dawa. 1989. Souls Tied to the Knots on a Leather Cord. Translated by Jeanne Tai. In Spring Bamboo: A Collection of Contemporary Chinese Stories. New York: Random House.

Wang, Jing, ed. 1998. China’s Avant-Garde Fiction: An Anthology. Durham: Duke University Press.

Wang, Zhan 王湛, et al. 2015. “Duihua Ma Yuan: Wo de Xizang zangdi xiaoshuo xiechu shijie yingxiangli 对话马原：我的西藏藏地小说写出世界影响力.” Tibet, July 29. Accessed October 7, 2024. http://www.tibet.cn/cn/cloud/xzxsp/tnull_5164355.html.

Wedell-Wedellsborg, Anne. 2018. “Yu Hua’s and Su Tong’s Fiction.” In Routledge Handbook of Modern Chinese Literature, edited by Ming Dong Gu, 530–52. London: Routledge.

Wu, Liang 吴亮. 1987. “Ma Yuan de xushu quantao 马原的叙述圈套 [Ma Yuan’s narrative trap].” Dangdai Zuojia Pinglun 当代作家评论, no. 3, 45–51.

Yang, Xiaobin. 2002. The Chinese Postmodern: Trauma and Irony in Chinese Avant-Garde Fiction. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Yan, Lianke. “Yan Lianke on Mythorealism.” MCLC Resource Center, May 24, 2022. Accessed May 2, 2025. https://u.osu.edu/mclc/2022/05/24/yan-lianke-on-mythorealism.

Yu, Zhang. Chinese Avant-Garde Fiction: Quest for Historicity and Transcendent Truth. Aherst: Cambria Press, 2017.

Zhang, Hongcui 张红翠. 2011. “Jiexi xizang zai ma yuan xushi zhong de yuyi neihan ji qi gongneng解析’西藏’在马原叙事中的语义内涵及其功能 [An analysis of the semantic connotation and function of ‘Tibet’ in Ma Yuan’s narratives].” Modern Chinese Literature Studies 10, 172–76.

Zhang, Hong 张闳. 2023. Xin shiqi xianfeng wenxue yanjiu 新时期先锋文学研究 [Research on avant-garde literature of the New Period]. Shanghai Sanlian Shudian.

Zhao, Henry Y. H. 1995. “Ma Yuan the Chinese Fabricator.” World Literature Today 69, (2): 312–16.

Zhu, Donglin 朱栋霖, et al. 2000. Zhongguo xiandai wenxue shi 中国现代文学史：1917～1997 下册 [Chinese Modern Literary History: 1917–1997, Vol. 2]. Peking University Press.