The Reparation Generation: Truth Telling in Pursuit of Racial Justice in the U.S.

Aneta Dybska

doi:10.18290/rh247211.3s

Data publikacji : 2024-06-06

Tom 72 Nr 11 Zeszyt specjalny (2024)

Pokolenie reparacji: mówienie prawdy jako wyraz dążenia do sprawiedliwości ‎rasowej w Stanach Zjednoczonych

Aneta Dybska

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5239-713X

DOI: https://doi.org/10.18290/rh247211.3s

Abstrakt

Ruch na rzecz reparacji dla Afroamerykanów w Stanach ‎Zjednoczonych obejmuje różnorodne podejścia do naprawy historycznych ‎krzywd za niewolnictwo i segregację rasową oraz ich nieustające ‎konsekwencje. Podczas gdy aktywizm na rzecz reparacji kojarzony jest ‎zazwyczaj z roszczeniami do restytucji i kompensacji, na popularności zyskują ‎niematerialne formy reparacji ukierunkowane na międzyrasowe pojednanie i ‎uzdrawianie (healing). Niniejszy artykuł omawia aktualne, osadzone w ‎procesie sprawiedliwości naprawczej inicjatywy związane z tzw. „mówieniem ‎prawdy” (truth telling). Czerpią one z doświadczeń Komisji Prawdy i ‎Pojednania w RPA, która w latach 90. XX w. badała naruszenia praw ‎człowieka ery apartheidu. Przegląd wybranych federalnych, obywatelskich i ‎oddolnych inicjatyw na rzecz mówienia prawdy, zainicjowanych w ostatniej ‎dekadzie, odzwierciedla wzrastającą gotowość Amerykanów europejskiego ‎pochodzenia do podejmowania szczerych choć bolesnych rozmów na temat ‎zbiorowej pamięci oraz przywileju wynikającego z przynależności do białej ‎rasy (white privilege). Bez względu na to, czy proces ten ma charakter ‎indywidualny czy grupowy, mówienie prawdy wiąże się z emocjonalną i ‎intelektualną pracą nad uprzedzeniami rasowymi, uwikłaniem w relacje władzy ‎i przywileju oraz z zaangażowaniem w proces transformacji społecznej. ‎Przedstawione w artykule inicjatywy budują podwaliny pod proces prawdy i ‎pojednania na skalę krajową. Proces ten może się okazać najskuteczniejszą ‎formą reparacji na którą obecnie gotowy jest naród amerykański. ‎

Słowa kluczowe:

przeprosiny za niewolnictwo, mówienie prawdy, komisja ‎prawdy i pojednania, reparacje za niewolnictwo, sprawiedliwość naprawcza‎

Szczegóły

Bibliografia

Statystyki

Autorzy

Pobierz pliki

pdf (English)

Wskaźniki altmetryczne

Cited by / Share

Licencja

Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.

Bibliografia

Alpert, Sharin, Iannuzzi Teegrey, and Keough Annie. 2009. “Facing Our Unhealed Past: Slavery and Its Legacy.” Racial Justice Rising. Accessed September 30, 2023. https://racialjustice rising.org/mass-slavery-apology/facing-our-unhealed-past-slavery-its-legacy.

“Apology Signatures” (web page). n.d. Racial Justice Rising. Accessed June 20, 2023. https://racialjusticerising.org/mass-slavery-apology.

Associated Press. 2000. “Aetna Apologizes for Slave Insurance.” Los Angeles Times, March 11, 2000. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-mar-11-fi-7637-story.html.

Bhutta, Neil, Andrew C. Chang, Lisa J. Dettling, and Joanne W. Hsu. 2020, September 28. “Disparities in Wealth by Race and Ethnicity in the 2019 Survey of Consumer Finances.” Board of Governors of the Federal Resource System. https://www.federalreserve. gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/disparities-in-wealth-by-race-and-ethnicity-in-the-2019-sur vey-of-consumer-finances-20200928.html.

Borer, Tristan Anne. 2006. “Truth Telling as a Peace-Building Activity: A Theoretical Overview.” In Telling the Truths: Truth Telling and Peace Building in Post-Conflict Societies, edited by Tristan Anne Borer, 1–57. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.

‎“Check the CWRIC for Public Hearings and Testimonies (Record Group 220).” National Archives. Accessed June 20, ‎‎2023. https://www.archives.gov/research/japanese-americans/hearings.

Coming to the Table. n.d. “The CTTT Approach.” Accessed June 20, 2023. https://comingtothe table.org/about-us.‎

Coming to the Table. n.d. “Reparations Working Group.” Accessed June 20, 2023. https://coming tothetable.org/reparations-working-group.

Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African Americans Act, H.R. 40 (January 9, 2023). https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-bill/40/text.

CTTT Reparations Working Group. 2021. Reparations… The Time is Now! A Guide to the Reparations Movement. Ver. 3. Coming to the Table. Accessed September 30, 2023. https:// comingtothetable.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/CTTT-Reparations-Guide-July-2021.pdf.

de Greiff, Pablo, ed. 2006. “Justice and Reparations.” In The Handbook of Reparations, edited by Pablo de Greiff, 451–77. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

della Porta, Donatella, and Marco Diani. 2020. Social Movements: An Introduction. 3rd ed. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.

Foucault, Michel. 1995. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Translated by Alan Sheridan. New York: Vintage Books.

Frisby and Associates. 2020. “Sen. Booker Saluted for Legislation Establishing First-Ever U.S. Truth, Racial Healing and Transformation Commission.” Newswires, December 4, 2020. https://www.einnews.com/pr_news/532106713/sen-booker-saluted-for-legislation-establishing-first-ever-u-s-truth-racial-healing-and-transformation-commission.

Gonzalez, Eduardo. 2021. “Comparative Lessons: What Is Transitional Justice and How Has It Worked In Other Countries?” Transitional Justice in the USA Speaker Series, part 1, panel 1. YouTube, February 23, 2021. www.youtube.com/watch?v=eVWHkPCeOqc.

“Grassroots Reparations Campaign” (web page). n.d. The Truth Telling Project. Accessed June 20, 2023. https://thetruthtellingproject.org/grc.

“Greensboro Issues Historic Apology for Police Complicity in 1979 KKK and Nazi Massacre—Beloved Community Center.” October 7, 2020. NC Warn. https://www.ncwarn.org/2020 /10/greensboro-issues-historic-apology.

Greensboro Truth and Reconciliation Commission. 2006, May 25. Executive Summary. https:// greensborotrc.org/exec_summary.pdf.

Harris, Elisabeth, L. 2022. “Elisabeth L. Harris Speaking Truth.” YouTube, November 15, 2022. Accessed September 30, 2023. www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSdx1vc4GU0.

“H.R. 40 and the Path to Restorative Justice.” YouTube, June 19, 2019. Accessed November 15, 2022. www.youtube.com/live/lfEe1MRxSgI?si=rF1-TYNswelpIQ9I.

“H.R. 40: Exploring the Path to Reparative Justice in America.” YouTube, February 17, 2021. Accessed September 30, 2023. www.youtube.com/live/KoWfrexyi84?si=A2C_aFvKycO y VWOX.

Hooker, David Anderson, and Amy Potter Czajkowski. n.d. Transforming Historical Harms. Center for Justice and Peacebuilding, Eastern Mennonite University. Accessed June 20, 2023. https://comingtothetable.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Transforming_Historical _ Har ms.pdf.

“Is the TRHT the Same as a Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC)”? Frequently Asked Questions, W.K. Kellogg Foundation. Accessed June 20, 2023. https://healourcommunit ies.org.

Johnstone, Gerry. 2002. Restorative Justice. Ideas, Values, Debates. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.

Kaba, Mariame. We Do This ‘Til We Free Us: Abolitionist Organizing and Transforming Justice. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2022.

Keating, Peter, and Shaun Assael. “The USA Needs a Reckoning: Does ‘Truth and Reconciliation’ Actually Work?” Mother Jones, March 5, 2021, https://www.motherjones.com/ politics/2021/03/greensboro-massacre-does-truth-and-reconciliation-actually-work.

Llewellyn, Jennifer J. 2006. “Restorative Justice in Transitions and Beyond: The Justice Potential of Truth-Telling Mechanisms for Post-Peace Societies.” In Telling the Truths: Truth Telling and Peace Building in Post-Conflict Societies, edited by Tristan Anne Borer, 83–113. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.

Lu, Christina. “Does America Need a Truth and Reconciliation Commission?” Foreign Policy, April 29, 2021. https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/04/29/united-states-transitional-justice-truth-reconciliation-commission.

Martin, Michael. 2020. “Healing U.S. Divides through Truth and Reconciliation Commissions.” NPR, October 11, 2020. https://www.npr.org/2020/10/11/922849505/healing-u-s-divides-through-truth-and-reconciliation-commissions.

“Maryland Lynching Truth and Reconciliation Commission.” n.d. Maryland Manual On-Line, State of Maryland. Accessed September 30, 2023. https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdma nual/26excom/html/23lynching.html.

Maryland Lynching Truth and Reconciliation Commission Act, House Bill 307 (April 18, 2019). https://msa.maryland.gov/lynching-truth-reconciliation/pdf/ch_41_hb0307t.pdf.

Morris, Wesley. “The Reconciliation Must be Televised. The New York Times, July 30, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/30/arts/television/the-moment-racism-tv.html.

Nelson, Alondra. 2016. The Social Life of DNA: Race, Reparations, and Reconciliation after the Genome. Boston: Beacon Press.

Nordquist, Kjell-Ake. 2017. Reconciliation As Politics: A Concept and Its Practice. Church of Sweden Research Series. Eugene, OR: Pickwick Publications.

Posthumus, Daniel, and Kelebogile Zvobgo. 2021. “Democratizing Truth: An Analysis of Truth Commissions in the United States.” International Journal of Transitional Justice 15 (3): 510–32. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijab029.

“Reparations 4 Slavery” (website). n.d. Accessed September 30, 2023. https://reparations 4slavery.com.

“Reparation Generation” (website). n.d. Accessed June 20, 2023. https://reparationgeneration.org.

“Restorative Justice for Oakland Youth” (website). n.d. https://rjoyoakland.org. Accessed 20 June 2023.

Rothberg, Michael. The Implicated Subject. Redwood City, CA: Standford University Press, 2019.

“Slavery and Its Legacy: Facing Our Unhealed Past.” 2009. Mass Slavery Apology Booklet, Racial Justice Rising. Accessed September 30, 2023. https://racialjusticerising.org/wp-content/uploads/Apology-booklet-no-signatures.pdf.

Souli, Sarah. 2020. “Does American Need a Truth and Reconciliation Commission?” Politico, August 16, 2020. https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/08/16/does-america-need-a-truth-and-reconciliation-commission-395332.

“Speaking Truth: Confronting Slavery, Pursuing Reconciliation” (website). n.d. https://www. speakingtruth.org. Accessed June 20, 2023.

“Supporters of the Movement.” The US Truth, Racial Healing and Transformation Movement. https://web.archive.org/web/20230516102238/https://www.ustrht.org/organizational-sup porters. Accessed April 14, 2024.

“The 1619 Project” (website). New York Times Magazine, August 14, 2019. Accessed September 30, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/black-history-amer ican-democracy.html.

“The Truth Telling Project” (website). n.d. https://thetruthtellingproject.org. Accessed 20 June 2023.

“The US Truth, Racial Healing, and Transformation Movement” (website). https://web.archive. org/web/20230516102238/https://www.ustrht.org. Accessed April 14, 2023.

Truth and Healing Commission on Indian Boarding School Policy Act, S. 4752, 116th Congress (September 29, 2020). https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/4752.

Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report (October 29, 1998). Vol. 1. https://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume %201.pdf.

“Truth, Justice, Healing” (website). n.d. Coming to the Table. Accessed June 20, 2023. https:// comingtothetable.org.

“Truth, Racial Healing & Transformation” (website). n.d. W.K. Kellogg Foundation. Accessed June 20, 2023. https://healourcommunities.org.

“Truth, Racial Healing & Transformation Enterprise Critical Response to Bridging Communities, Nation.” 2016, December 5. W. K. Kellogg Foundation. https://www.wkkf.org/news-and-media/article/2016/12/truth-racial-healing-transformation-enterprise-critical-response-to-bridging-communities-nation.

United Nations. 2005, December 15. “Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law.” United Nations Document A/RES/ 60/147. https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/basic-principles-and-guidelines-right-remedy-and-reparation.

United Nations. 2008, February 20. “What is Transitional Justice? A Backgrounder.” https:// www.un.org/peacebuilding/sites/www.un.org.peacebuilding/files/documents/26_02_2008_background_note.pdf.

Urging the Establishment of a Unites States Commission on Truth, Racial Healing, and Transformation, H. Con. Res. 100 (June 4, 2020). https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/ house-concurrent-resolution/100/text.

Urging the Establishment of a Unites States Commission on Truth, Racial Healing, and Transformation. S. Con. Res. 50 (December 3, 2020).

Urging the Establishment of a Unites States Commission on Truth, Racial Healing, and Transformation, H. Con. Res. 44 (May 17, 2023). https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/ house-concurrent-resolution/44/text.

Valls, Andrew. 2018. Rethinking Racial Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Walker, Margaret Urban. 2010a. “Truth Telling as Reparations.” Metaphilosophy 41 (4): 525–45.

Walker, Margaret Urban. 2010b. What is Reparative Justice? The Aquinas Lecture. Milwaukee: Marquette University Press.

Younis, Mohamed. 2019. “As Redress for Slavery, Americans Oppose Cash Reparations.” Gallup, July 29, 2019. https://news.gallup.com/poll/261722/redress-slavery-americans-oppo se-cash-reparations.aspx.