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    Published : 2024-11-22
    Vol. 6 (2024)

    „Dyplomacja w krynolinach”. Polki w walce o wolność w czasie niewoli narodowej

    Ewa Pieczykolan

    https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0125-995X

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.18290/teka24.33

    Abstract

    The involvement of Polish women in the struggle for the Polish cause during the Romantic era, the great independence uprisings of the 19th century such as the November Uprising and the January Uprising took on a diverse social and patriotic character. Women in the 19th century, both noblewomen and aristocrats, led godly lives as wives, mothers and keepers of hearth and home. Owing to tragic accidents and social unrest, clothing and patriotic attitudes became a tool of struggle and an excellent medium for manifesting views. In the 19th century, Polish women used their image to oppose the invader, such as black clothing, jewelry with patriotic symbols as a way to express their sociopolitical beliefs. Importantly, they turned their attention to the history and culture of the Old Republic to cultivate Old Polish traditions. Women accentuated national elements, traditional craftsmanship in everyday dress and in representative portraits. 19th century women in Poland were involved in many social and patriotic activities, maintaining the spirit of the insurgent struggle. They participated in mournful patriotic demonstrations on the occasion of funeral ceremonies, which in the 1860s took the form of mass protests by Polish people against Russian aggression. After “national mourning” was declared, large demonstrations of Polish women wearing black dresses and the use of national symbols, emblems of patriotic jewelry, were a significant contribution during the November Uprising and the activities of the National Government. Women’s black mourning protests were a unique way of expressing patriotic feelings in Warsaw and the partitioned lands of the former Republic. Based on numerous iconography and material sources in the form of patriotic jewelry and studies of patriotic and social issues of the time, we can trace the ways in which Polish women became involved in the Polish cause. Many of them were tasked to work for charitable societies. Polish patriotic women, with their image, became a living symbol of disagreement with the political situation, a symbol of Poland’s 19th-century struggle for independence.

    Keywords:

    national mourning, patriotic jewelry, black dress, November Uprising, January Uprising, 19th-century fashion, patriotism, Polish cause, Polish women



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    Teka of the Historical Sciences Commission of the Learned Society of KUL |ISSN 2658-1175 eISSN 2719-3144 DOI: 10.18290/tkh

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