John Toland’s Argument for Religious Toleration in Nazarenus

Diego Lucci

doi:10.18290/rf24723.8

Data publikacji : 2024-09-27

Tom 72 Nr 3 (2024)

Argumentacja Johna Tolanda na rzecz tolerancji religijnej w Nazarenus (1718)

Diego Lucci

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9640-3821

DOI: https://doi.org/10.18290/rf24723.8

Abstrakt

W dziele Nazarenus: Or, Jewish, Gentile, and Mahometan Christianity, napisanym w latach 1709–1710, ale opublikowanym w 1718 r., urodzony w Irlandii wolnomyśliciel i republikanin John Toland (1670–1722) przedstawił nowatorski, heterodoksyjny opis judaizmu, chrześcijaństwa i islamu, które potraktował jako trzy fazy lub przejawy tej samej tradycji monoteistycznej. Toland napisał Nazarenus po zapoznaniu się w Amsterdamie z włoskim rękopisem, który uważano za tłumaczenie Ewangelii Mahometan. Identyfikując ten tekst z apokryficzną Ewangelią Barnaby, Toland argumentował, że ewangelia ta zawierała wierzenia Ebionitów lub Nazarejczyków, których uważał za pierwszych chrześcijan. Opierając się na tym rękopisie oraz na kilku kanonicznych i niekanonicznych źródłach, a także na pracach współczesnych hebraistów, orientalistów i biblistów, Toland opisał judaizm mojżeszowy, pierwotne chrześcijaństwo i wczesny islam jako oparte na prawie natury. W związku z tym utrzymywał, że rdzeniem tych trzech religii i ogólnie „prawdziwej religii” była naturalna moralność, którą uważał za uniwersalną, wieczną, dostępną dla naturalnego rozumu i przywróconą przez Mojżesza, Jezusa i Mahometa. Dodał więc, że starożytni Izraelici, pierwsi chrześcijanie i pierwsi muzułmanie praktykowali tolerancję wobec wszystkich, którzy przestrzegali nakazów noachickich, co uznał za zgodne z prawem natury. Argument Tolanda za tolerancją religijną w Nazarenus został zdefiniowany jako „argument historyczny”. Toland rzeczywiście poparł swoje stanowisko w sprawie tolerancji reinterpretacją materiałów kanonicznych oraz judeochrześcijańskich i islamskich źródeł apokryficznych, które włączył do swojego programu filozoficznego i politycznego. Jednak argument Tolanda za tolerancją jest zasadniczo argumentem deistycznym, ponieważ opiera się na deistycznym poglądzie na „prawdziwą religię” jako religię naturalną, która jest zasadniczo religią moralną i która, według Tolanda, stanowi źródło i rdzeń judaizmu, chrześcijaństwa i islamu.

Słowa kluczowe:

chrześcijaństwo, deizm, Ewangelia Barnaby, islam, John Toland, judaizm, prawo natury, religia naturalna, tolerancja religijna, republikanizm

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