Kulturowe uczenie się innych umysłów: dynamika percepcji, języka i działania

Arkadiusz Gut

doi:10.18290/rf26742.5

Published : 2026-06-29

Vol. 74 No. 2 (2026)

Cultural Learning of Other Minds: The Dynamics of Perception, Language, and Action

Arkadiusz Gut

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3983-9474

DOI: https://doi.org/10.18290/rf26742.5

Abstract

The article offers a philosophical reconstruction of contemporary research on the cognition of other minds, showing the transition from the classical theory-of-mind model, based on the inferential attribution of mental states, to interactivist, embodied and socio-cultural approaches. The starting point is an analysis of developmental and cross-cultural data that challenge a code-based understanding of language. I defend the thesis that language is neither a tool for translating pre-given representations nor an autonomous system that shapes cognition “from above,” but rather an element of dynamic social practices that co-constitute social understanding. In this context, I propose supplementing the action-oriented framework with the category of protothought, understood as a pre-semantic and embodied level of the organization of experience. Protothought functions as the missing link between perception, action, social interaction, and language, while also making it possible to better explain the cultural differentiation of the developmental trajectories of competencies traditionally associated with social cognition.

Keywords:

theory of mind, protothought, language, culture, social mind

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Gut, A. (2026). Cultural Learning of Other Minds: The Dynamics of Perception, Language, and Action. Roczniki Filozoficzne, 74(2), 103–132. https://doi.org/10.18290/rf26742.5

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