Wolność pozytywna czy negatywna? Typy wolności wobec unijnych certyfikatów COVID-19 w Polsce. Badania pilotażowe

Małgorzata Gruchoła; Małgorzata Sławek-Czochra; Błażej Dyczewski

doi:10.18290/rf25732.7

Published : 2025-06-30

Vol. 73 No. 2 (2025)

Positive or Negative Freedom? Types of Freedom Towards EU COVID-19 Certificates in Poland. A Pilot Study

Małgorzata Gruchoła

Małgorzata Sławek-Czochra

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4732-1341

Błażej Dyczewski

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6060-3722

DOI: https://doi.org/10.18290/rf25732.7

Abstract

The aim of this paper was to explore the relationship between the respondent’s identified type of freedom and their attitudes towards the potential decision to introduce EU COVID-19 certificates. We take the COVID-19 certificate assessments as a context for analysing the practical functioning of different types of freedom in crisis situations. A further aim is to structure attitudes towards the certificates by superimposing a grid composed of theoretical types of freedom (positive freedom and negative freedom, and ‘from’ and ‘to’ freedom).

Four types of freedom were the subject of the empirical research: freedom of choice, freedom as autonomy, freedom as self-realisation and freedom as a human right used to establish the dominant type of freedom (positive freedom - negative freedom; freedom ‘from’ - freedom ‘to’) in the face of the possibility of COVID-19 certificates.

Keywords:

freedom, survey research, crisis situation, EU COVID-19 certificates

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