Conceptualisation of Emotions

Małgorzata Gruchoła

doi:10.18290/rkult231401.2

Published : 2023-10-25

Vol. 14 No. 1 (2023)

Conceptualisation of Emotions

Małgorzata Gruchoła

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2367-0416

DOI: https://doi.org/10.18290/rkult231401.2

Abstract

The objective of this article is the conceptualisation, in line with Steven Gordon’s classification, of primary emotions: happiness, fear, sadness, and anger, together with “background emotions,” and social emotions: empathy, compassion (and self-conscious emotions: a sense of guilt, shame, pride) in social sciences, with the underlying assumption of biological foundations and cultural conditions of emotions (the theory of “cultural scripts” by Norbert Elias, “feeling rules” by Arlie Hochschild). Theoretical conceptualisations of emotions are presented, viewed from the perspective of anthropologists, cultural experts, sociologists, psychologists and linguists. What is offered are descriptions of manifestations of emotions, ways of their expression, physical symptoms, degrees of intensity, crucial areas, mental and physical consequences, as well as their functions.

Keywords:

conceptualisation, “background emotions”, primary emotions, social emotions, social sciences, Steven Gordon

Details

References

Statistics

Authors

Download files

pdf

Altmetric indicators

Cited by / Share

Licence

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

References

Altheide, David. Creating Fear: News and the Construction of Crisis. New York: Aldine De Gruyter, 2002.

Batson, Daniel C. The Altruism Question: Toward a Social-Psychological Answer. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1991.

Bauman, Zygmunt. Intimations of Postmodernity. Abingdon: Routledge, 1992.

Borke, Helene. “Interpersonal Perception of Young Children: Egocentrism or Empathy?” Developmental Psychology 5 (1971): 263–69.

Camras, Linda A. “Expressive Development and Basie Emotions.” Cognition and Emotion 6 (1992): 269–83.

Carr, Alan. Psychologia pozytywna. Nauka o szczęściu i ludzkich siłach. Translated by Zbigniew A. Królicki, Helena Sęk, and Łukasz Kaczmarek. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Zysk i S-ka, 2009.

Cherry, Kendra. “The 6 Types of Basic Emotions and Their Effect on Human Behavior.” Accessed March 27, 2020. https://www.verywellmind.com/an-overview-of-the-types-of-emo tions-4163976.

Damasio, Antonio. Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: Penguin, 2005.

Diener, Ed, and Robert Biswas-Diener. Szczęście. Odkrywanie bogactwa psychicznego. Sopot: Smak Słowa, 2010.

Dymond, Rosalind. “Personality and Empathy.” Journal of Consulting Psychology 14, no. 5 (1950): 343–50.

Eisenberg, Nancy. “Empatia i współczucie.” In Lewis and Haviland-Jones, Psychologia emocji, 849–67.

Eisenberg, Nancy, Cindy L. Shea, Gustavo Carlo, and George P. Knight. “Empathy-Related Responding and Cognition: A ‘Chicken and the Egg’ Dilemma.” In Handbook of Moral Behavior and Development, edited by William Kurtines and Jacob Gewirtz, 63–88. London: Lawrence Erlbaun, 1991.

Eisenberg, Nancy, and Janet Strayer. “Critical Issues in the Study of Empathy.” In Empathy and its Development, edited by Nancy Eisenberg and Janet Strayer, 3–13. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

Ekman, Paul. Emotions Revealed, Second Edition: Recognizing Faces and Feelings to Improve Communication and Emotional Life. London: Owl Books Publishing, 2007.

Elias, Norbert. The Civilizing Process. Vol. 2, State Formation and Civilization. London: Blackwell, 1982.

Elin, Nan. Postmodern Urbanism. Princeton: Princeton Architectural Press, 1999. “Emotion: Emotion and Culture.” Accessed March 30, 2020. https://www.sparknotes.com/psychology/ psych101/emotion/section4.

Furedi, Frank. Emotions Revealed, Second Edition: Recognizing Faces and Feelings to Improve Communication and Emotional Life. London: Orion Publishing Group, 2007.

Furedi, Frank. The Culture of Fear: Risk-Taking and the Morality of Low Expectation. London: Continuum International Publishing Group, 1997.

Giddens, Anthony. Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Cambridge: Polity, 1991.

Gilbert, Elisabeth. I że cię nie opuszczę. Trans. Marta Jabłońska-Majchrzak. Poznań: Rebis, 2010.

Goddard, Cliff. Semantic Analysis: A Practical Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2011.

Góralska, Renata. “Kultura emocjonalna. W poszukiwaniu nowych ujęć praktyki szkolnej.” Rocznik Pedagogiczny 41 (2018): 63–79.

Gordon, Steven. “The Sociology of Sentiments and Emotions”. In Social Psychology: Sociological Perspectives, edited by Morris Rosenberg and Jonathan H. Turner, 562–92. New York: Routledge, 1981.

Gruber, June, ed. Positive Emotion, Integrating the Light Sides and Dark Sides. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.

Hochschild, Arlie R. “Emotion Work, Feeling Rules, and Social Structure.” American Journal of Sociology 85, no. 3 (1979): 551–75.

Ickes, Willian. Introduction to Empathic Accuracy, edited by William Ickes, 1–16. New York: Guilford Press, 1997.

Izard, Carroll E. The Psychology of Emotions. New York: Plenum Press, 1991.

Kanasz, Tatiana. Uwarunkowania szczęścia. Socjologiczna analiza wyobrażeń młodzieży akademickiej o szczęściu i udanym życiu. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Akademii Pedagogiki Specjalnej, 2015.

Kitayama, Shinobu, Batja Mesquita, and Karasawa Mayumi. “Cultural Affordances and Emotional Experience: Socially Engaging and Disengaging Emotions in Japan and the United States.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 91, no. 5 (2006): 157–69.

Kozielecki, Józef. Psychologia nadziei. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Akademickie Żak, 2006.

Kozlowska, Kasia, Peter Walker, Loyola McLean, and Pascal Carrive. “Fear and the Defense Cascade: Clinical Implications and Management.” Harv Rev Psychiatry 23, no. 4 (2015): 263–87.

Lemerise, Elizabeth, and Kenneth A. Dodge. “Rozwój złości i wrogich interakcji.” In Lewis and Haviland-Jones, Psychologia emocji, 745–60.

Lewis, Michael, and Jeanette M. Haviland-Jones, eds. Psychologia emocji. Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne, 2005.

Lewis, Michael. “Emocje samoświadomościowe: zażenowanie, duma, wstyd, poczucie winy.” In Lewis and Haviland-Jones, Psychologia emocji, 781–97.

Łukaszewicz, Barbara. Wyrażanie emocji negatywnych w polonistycznej praktyce glottodydaktycznej. Warsaw: Uniwersytet Warszawski, 2019.

McVae, Merry, Margaret W. Sullivan, and Michael Lewis. “Individual Differences in Anger and Sad Expressions during Extinction: Antecedents and Consequences.” Infant Behavior and Development 15 (1992): 443–52.

Mead, George H. Mind, Self, and Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1934.

Oatley, Keith, and Jennifer M. Jenkins. Understanding Emotions. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996.

Óhman, Arne. “Strach i lęk z perspektywy ewolucyjnej, poznawczej i klinicznej.” In Lewis and Haviland-Jones, Psychologia emocji, 718–44.

Ossowska, Maria. Motywy postępowania. Z zagadnień psychologii moralności. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo “Książka i Wiedza”, 2002.

Robin, Corey. Fear: The History of A Political Idea. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.

“Smutek.” Accessed April 22, 2020. https://emocje.pro/encyklopedia-emocji-smutek.

Stearns, Peter N., and Jan Lewis, eds. An Emotional History of the United States. New York: New York University Press, 1998.

Stipek, Deborah et. al. “Self-Evaluation in Young Children.” Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 57, no. 1 (1992): 1–84.

Strong, Philip. “Epidemic Psychology: A Model.” Sociology of Health & Illness 12, no. 3 (2010): 249–60.

Szatan, Małgorzata. “Strach a lęk w ujęciu nauk humanistycznych.” Studia Gdańskie 31 (2012): 325–42.

“Szczęście.” In Słownik Języka Polskiego, edited by Mieczysław Szymczak, 1502–3. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo PWN, 1994.

Titchener, Edward B. A Beginner’s Psychology. New York: Macmillan, 1915.

Tulloch, John, and Deborah Lupton. Risk and Everyday Life. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2003.

Turner, Jonathan. “The Sociology of Emotions: Basic Theoretical Arguments.” Emotion Review 1, no. 4 (2009): 340–54.

Wierzbicka, Anna. Emotions Across Languages and Cultures: Diversity and Universals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.