Hey Robot, the Mind Is Not Enough to Join the Moral Community! The Effect of Assigning a Mind and a Soul to a Humanoid Robot on Its Moral Status

Paweł Fortuna; Arkadiusz Gut; Zbigniew Wróblewski

doi:10.18290/rpsych2023.0008

Data publikacji : 2023-05-26

Tom 26 Nr 2 (2023)

Hey Robot, the Mind Is Not Enough to Join the Moral Community! The Effect of Assigning a Mind and a Soul to a Humanoid Robot on Its Moral Status

Paweł Fortuna

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0633-4453

Arkadiusz Gut

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3983-9474

Zbigniew Wróblewski

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4477-6903

DOI: https://doi.org/10.18290/rpsych2023.0008

Abstrakt

Current research explored the link between beliefs about the mind, the soul, and the moral status (MS) of humanoid robot (HR). Determining the conditions for the assignment of MS to artificially intelligent agents is important from the point of view of their inclusion in the moral community. The indication of the role of beliefs about the mind and the soul is consistent with the tendency to distinguish these two incorporeal entities observed in folk psychology. In an online study, participants (N = 223), who believed in the existence of the mind and the soul, assessed the MS of the HR Sophia and assigned attributes to it; based on this, two dimensions of the mind perception (MP) were distinguished: Experience and Agency. As expected, we found that the participants attributed the mind more than the soul to the robot, and these projections significantly affected the MS of the robot. Path analysis revealed that the dimensions of MP acted as a mediator in the mind-MS relationship, while the soul-MS relationship was direct. The analysis of the obtained results leads to a more general conclusion that the soul attribution is a diverse and parallel condition to the mind attribution in individuals.

Szczegóły

Bibliografia

Statystyki

Autorzy

Pobierz pliki

pdf (English)

Wskaźniki altmetryczne

Cited by / Share

Licencja

Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.

Bibliografia

Abele, A., & Wojciszke, B. (2007). Agency and communion from the perspective of self versus others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 751–763. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.93.5.751

Babst, G. A. (2011). Moral community. In D. K. Chatterjee (Ed.), Encyclopedia of global justice (pp. 710–711). Springer Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9160-5_328

Bering, J. M. (2006). The folk psychology of souls. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 29(5), 453–498. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X06009101

Bostrom, N., & Yudkowsky, E. (2014). The ethics of artificial intelligence. In K. Frankish & W. Ramsey (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of artificial intelligence (pp. 316–334). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139046855.020

Castelo, N., Bos, M. W., & Lehmann, D. R. (2019). Task-dependent algorithm aversion. Journal of Marketing Research, 56(5), 809–825. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022243719851788

Clarke, S., Zohny, H., & Savulescu, J. (Eds.) (2021). Rethinking MS. Oxford University Press.

Duffy, B. (2003). Anthropomorphism and the social robot. Robotic and Autonomous Systems, 42(3–4), 177–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8890(02)00374-3

Epley, N., Waytz, A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2007). On seeing a human: A three-factor theory of anthropomorphism. Psychological Review, 114(4), 864–886. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.864

Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J., & Glick, P. (2007). Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth and competence. Trends in Cognitive Science, 11, 77–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2006.11.005

Fortuna, P., & Modliński, A. (2021). A(I)rtist or counterfeiter? Artificial intelligence as (d)evaluating factor on the art market. The Journal of Arts Management Law, and Society, 51(3), 188–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/10632921.2021.1887032

Fortuna, P., Wróblewski, Z., & Gorbaniuk, O. (2021). The structure and correlates of anthropocentrism as a psychological construct. Current Psychology, 42, 3630–3642. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01835-z

Gaskin, J., & Lim, J. (2018). Indirect Effects. AMOS Plugin.

Gladden, M. E. (2016). Posthuman management. Synthypnion Press.

Gray, H. M., Gray, K., & Wegner, D. M. (2007a). Dimensions of mind perception. Science, 315(5812), 619. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1134475

Gray, H. M., Gray, K., & Wegner, D. M. (2007b, February 7). Supporting on-linematerial for dimensions of mind perception. Retrieved January 15, 2022, from www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/315/5812/619/DC1

Gray K., & Wegner D. M. (2012). Feeling robots and human zombies: MP and the uncanny valley. Cognition, 125, 125–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2012.06.007

Gray, K., Young, L., & Waytz, A. (2012). MP is the essence of morality. Psychological Inquiry, 23(2), 101–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2012.651387

Gunkel, D. J. (2018). Robot rights. MIT Press.

Gut, A., Gorbaniuk O., Wilczewski, M., & Wróblewski, Z. (in preparation). How the spiritual dimension is apparent in moral claims? Intercultural Perspective.

Gut, A., Hryniewska J., Pejda K., Mirski R., & Stoch A. (2019). Body and mind: Comparative research on mentalistic conceptualization in Poland and China. In B. Duda, R. Kiełtyka, & E. Konieczna (Eds.), Studies in linguistic, anglophone literatures and cultures (pp. 70–92). Peter Lang Publisher.

Gut, A., Lambert, A., Gorbaniuk, O., & Mirski, R., (2021). Folk beliefs about soul and mind: Cross-cultural comparison of folk intuitions about the ontology of the person. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 21, 346–369. https://brill.com/view/journals/jocc/21/3-4/article-p346_8.xml

Harris, P. L. (2021). Omniscience, preexistence, doubt and misdeeds. Journal of Cognition and Development, 22(3), 418–425. https://doi.org/10.1080/15248372.2021.1916501

Inbar, Y., Cone, J., & Gilovich, T. (2010). People’s intuitions about intuitive insight and intuitive choice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99(2), 232–247. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020215

Johnson, D. G., & Verdicchio, M. (2018). Why robots should not be treated like animals. Ethics and Information Technology, 20, 291–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-018-9481-5

Kozak, M. N., Marsh, A. A., & Wegner, D. M. (2006). What do I think you’re doing? Action identification and mind attribution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(4), 543–555. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.4.543

Laukyte, M. (2017). Artificial agents among us. Should we recognize them as agents proper? Ethics and Information Technology, 19(1), 1–17.

Lima, G., Zhunis, A., Manovich, L., & Cha, M. (2021). On the social-relational moral standing of AI: An Empirical study using AI-generated art. Frontiers in Robotics and AI. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2021.719944

Lindeman, M., Riekki, T., & Svedholm-Häkkinen, A. M. (2015). Individual differences in conceptions of soul, mind, and brain. Journal of Individual Differences, 36(3), 157–162. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000167

Lukaszewicz, A., & Fortuna, P. (2022). Towards Turing test 2.0—Attribution of moral status and personhood to human and non-human agents. Postdigital Science and Education, 4, 860–876. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42438-022-00303-6

Malle, B. F. (2019). How many dimensions of mind perception really are there? Cognitive Science. Retrieved January 12, 2022, from https://cogsci.mindmodeling.org/2019/papers/0394/0394.pdf

Müller, V. C. (2021). Is it time for robot rights? Moral status in artificial entities. Ethics and Information Technology, 23, 579–587. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-021-09596-w

Nass, C., & Moon, Y. (2000). Machines and mindlessness: Social responses to computers. Journal of Social Issues, 56(1), 81–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00153

Neely, E. L. (2014). Machines and the moral community. Philosophy and Technology, 27, 97–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-013-0114-y

Puzakova, M., Kwak, H., & Rocereto, J. F. (2009). Pushing the envelope of brand and personality: Antecedents and moderators of anthropomorphized brands. In A. L. McGill & S. Shavitt (Eds.), Advances in Consumer Research (Vol. 36, pp. 413–420). Association for Consumer Research.

Regan, T. (1983). The Case for animals rights. University of California Press.

Richert, R. A, & Harris, P. L. (2008). Dualism revisited: Body vs. mind vs. soul. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 8(1–2), 99–115. https://doi.org/10.1163/156770908X289224

Richert, R. A., Smith, E. (2010). The role of religious concepts in the evolution of human cognition. In U. Frey (Ed.), The nature of God: Evolution and religion (pp. 93–110). Tectum.

Richert, R. A., & Smith, E. (2012). The essence of soul concepts: How soul concepts influence ethical reasoning across religious affiliation. Religion, Brain & Behavior, 2, 161–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2012.683702

Roazzi, M., Nyhof, M., & Johnson, C. (2013). Mind, soul and spirit: Conceptions of immaterial identity in different cultures. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 23(1), 75–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2013.735504

Saltik, I., Erdil, D., & Urgen, B. A. (2021). MP and social robots: The role of agent appearance and action types. HRI '21 Companion: Companion of the 2021 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, March, 210–214.

Sencerz, S. (2022). Moral status of animals: Arguments from having a soul revisited. Journal of Animal Ethics, 12(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.5406/21601267.12.1.02

Searle, J. R. (1980). Minds, brains and programs. Behavioral and Brain Science, 3(3), 417–457. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00005756

Schweitzer, A. (1955). Civilization and ethics. Adam & Charles Black.

Singer, P. (1981). The expanding circle: Ethics and sociobiology. Clarendon Press.

Sweeney, P. (2022). Why indirect harms do not support social robot rights. Minds & Machines, 32, 735–749. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-022-09593-y

Tegmark, M. (2017). Life 3.0: Being human in the age of artificial intelligence. Alfred A. Knopf.

Torrance, S., & Roche, D. (2011). Does an artificial agent need to be conscious to have ethical status? In B. van den Berg & L. Klaming (Eds.), Technologies on the stand: Legal and ethical questions in neuroscience and robotics (pp. 285–310). Wolf Legal Publishers.

Wierzbicka, A. (1989). Soul and mind: Linguistic evidence for ethnopsychology and cultural history. American Anthropologist, 91(1), 41–58. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1989.91.1.02a00030