Dimensions of Temperament in Adults With Chronic Stuttering in the Light of I. P. Pavlov’s Theories

Ewa Humeniuk; Zbigniew Tarkowski

doi:10.18290/rpsych2023.0001

Published : 2023-02-06

Vol. 26 No. 1 (2023)

Dimensions of Temperament in Adults With Chronic Stuttering in the Light of I. P. Pavlov’s Theories

Ewa Humeniuk

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4172-0712

Zbigniew Tarkowski

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4970-8512

DOI: https://doi.org/10.18290/rpsych2023.0001

Abstract

The aim of the study was to determine dimensions of temperament in adults with chronic stuttering in the light of Pavlov’s temperament typology. The test sample consists of a (1) clinical group—adults with chronic stuttering (N = 202); and (2) a criterion group—adults with normal speech fluency (N = 198). The Pavlovian Temperament Survey (PTS) by Strelau and Zawadzki and our own survey were administered. Stutterers, compared to subjects with normal speech fluency, are characterized by a lower level of the excitation process, mobility and balance of nervous processes; they also tend to exhibit a higher level of the inhibition process. The severity of stuttering, the age at which the first symptoms of speech disfluency occur, treatment, evaluation of its effectiveness and intention to undergo therapy do not differentiate stutterers in terms of the considered temperament traits. The temperamental factors of chronic stuttering as per Pavlov’s typology are: increased reactivity to stimuli, reduced ability to adapt to new situations, the ability to flexibly respond to changing conditions, a weak type of the nervous system (lower strength of the excitation process, weaker mobility of the nervous processes), which makes it difficult to cope with challenges encountered and increases susceptibility to mental disorders.

Keywords:

temperament, Pavlov, chronic stuttering, adults

Details

References

Statistics

Authors

Download files

pdf

Altmetric indicators

Cited by / Share

Licence

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

References

Alm, P. A. (2004). Stuttering and the basal ganglia circuits: A critical review of possible relations. Journal of Communication Disorders, 37(4), 325–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2004.03.001

Alm, P. A., & Risberg, J. (2007). Stuttering in adults: The acoustic startle response, temperamental traits, and biological factors. Journal of Communication Disorders, 40(1), 1–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2006.04.001

Anderson, J. D., Pellowski, M. W., Conture, E. G., & Kelly, E. M. (2003). Temperamental characteristics of young children who stutter. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 46(5), 1221–1233. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2003/095)

Aron, E. N., & Aron, A. (1997). Sensory-processing sensitivity and its relation to introversion and emotionality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(2), 345–368. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.73.2.345

Bodunov, M. V. (1993). Studies on temperament in Russia: After Teplov and Nebylitsyn. European Journal of Personality, 7(5), 299–311. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2410070503

Caprara, G. V., & Cervone, D. (2000). Personality: Determinants, dynamics, and potentials. Cambridge University Press.

Druker, K., Mazzucchelli, T., Hennessey, N., & Beilby, J. (2019). Parent perceptions of an integrated stuttering treatment and behavioral self-regulation program for early developmental stuttering. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 62, Article 105726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2019.105726

Eggers, K., De Nil, L. F., & Van den Bergh, B. R. (2010). Temperament dimensions in stuttering and typically developing children. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 35(4), 355–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2010.10.004

Eggers, K., Millard, S., & Kelman, E. (2021). Temperament and the impact of stuttering in children aged 8–14 years. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 64(2), 417–432. https://doi.org/10.1044/2020_JSLHR-20-00095

Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., Fabes, R. A., Reiser, M., Cumberland, A., Shepard, S. A., Valiente, C., Losoya, S. H., Guthrie, I. K., & Thompson, M. (2004). The relations of effortful control and impulsivity to children’s resiliency and adjustment. Child Development, 75(1), 25–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00652.x

Ellis, J. B., Finan, D. S., & Ramig, P. R. (2008). The influence of stuttering severity on acoustic startle responses. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 51(4), 836–850. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2008/061)

Furnham, A., & Davis, S. (2004). Involvement of social factors in stuttering: A review and assessment of current methodology. Stammering Research, 1(2), 112–122.

Grey, J. (1991). The neuropsychology of temperament. In J. Strelau & A. Angleitner (Eds.), Explorations in temperament: International perspectives on theory and measurement (pp. 105–128). Plenum Press.

Guitar, B. (2003). Acoustic startle responses and temperament in individuals who stutter. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 46(1), 233–240. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2003/018)

Hauner, K. K. Y., Shriberg, L. D., Kwiatkowski, J., & Allen, C. T. (2005). A subtype of speech delay associated with developmental psychosocial involvement. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 48(3), 635–650. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2005/044)

Howell, P. (2004). Assessment of some contemporary theories of stuttering that apply to spontaneous speech. Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders, 31, 122–139.

Howell, P., Davis, S., & Williams, R. (2008). Late childhood stuttering. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 51(3), 669–687. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2008/048)

Karrass, J., Walden, T. A., Conture, E. G., Graham, C. G., Arnold, H. S., Hartfield, K. N., & Schwenk, K. A. (2006). Relation of emotional reactivity and regulation to childhood stuttering. Journal of Communication Disorders, 39(6), 402–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2005.12.004

Kefalianos, E., Onslow, M., Ukoumunne, O. C., Block, S., & Reilly, S. (2017). Temperament and early stuttering development: Cross-sectional findings from a community cohort. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 60(4), 772–784. https://doi.org/10.1044/2016_JSLHR-S-15-0196

Kyrios, M., & Prior, M. (1990). Temperament, stress and family factors in behavioural adjustment of 3-5-year-old children. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 13(1), 67–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/016502549001300105

Lewis, K. E., & Golberg, L. L. (1997). Measurements of temperament in the identification of children who stutter. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 32(4), 441–448. https://doi.org/10.3109/13682829709082258

Lucey, J., Evans, D., & Maxfield, N. D. (2019). Temperament in adults who stutter and its association with stuttering frequency and quality-of-life impacts. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 62(8), 2691–2702. https://doi.org/10.1044/2019_JSLHR-S-18-0225

Martin, R. P., Drew, K. D., Gaddis, L. R., & Moseley, M. (1988). Prediction of elementary school achievement from preschool temperament: Three studies. School Psychology Review, 17(1), 125–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/02796015.1988.12085331

Miceli, P. J., Whitman, T. L., Borkowski, J. G., Braungart-Rieker, J., & Mitchell, D. W. (1998). Individual differences in infant information processing. Infant Behavior and Development, 21(1), 119–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-6383(98)90058-3

Ofoe, L. C., & Anderson, J. D. (2021). Complex nonverbal response inhibition and stopping impulsivity in childhood stuttering. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 70, 105877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2021.105877

Pavlov, I. P. (1951–1952). Polnoye sobranye sochinienii [Complete works] (2nd ed.). Izdatelstvo Akademii Nauk SSSR.

Pavlov, I. P. (1952). Dwadzieścia lat badań wyższej czynności nerwowej (zachowania się) zwieząt [Twenty years of research into the superior nervous function (behavior) of animals] (T. Klimowicz, Trans.). PZWL.

Reilly, S., Onslow, M., Packman, A., Wake, M., Bavin, E. L., Prior, M., Eadie, P., Cini, E., Bolzonello, C., & Ukoumunne, O. C. (2009). Predicting stuttering onset by the age of 3 years: A prospective, community cohort study. Pediatrics, 123(1), 270–277. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-3219

Riley, G. D. (1972). A stuttering severity instrument for children and adults. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 37(3), 314–322. https://doi.org/10.1044/jshd.3703.314

Riley, G. D., & Ingham, J. C. (2000). Acoustic duration changes associated with two types of treatment for children who stutter. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 43(4), 965–978. https://doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4304.965

Rothbart, M. K., Ahadi, S. A., Hershey, K. L., & Fisher, P. (2001). Investigations of temperament at three to seven years: The Children’s Behavior Questionnaire. Child Development, 72(5), 1394–1408. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00355

Snidman, N., & Kagan, J. (1994). The contribution of infant temperamental differences to acoustic startle response. Psychophysiology, 31(1, Suppl.), S92.

Strelau, J. (1997). The contribution of Pavlov’s typology of CNS properties to personality research. European Psychologist, 2(2), 125–138. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.2.2.125

Strelau, J. (2001). Psychologia temperamentu [The psychology of temperament]. PWN.

Strelau, J. (2006). Temperament jako regulator zachowania: Z perspektywy półwiecza badań [Temperament as a regulator of behavior: From the perspective of half a century of research]. Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.

Strelau, J., & Zawadzki, B. (1998). Kwestionariusz temperamentu PTS [PTS Temperament Questionnaire]. PTP.

Tarkowski, Z. (2018). A systems approach to the psychosomatics of stuttering. Nova Biomedical.

Teplov, B. M., & Nebylitzyn, V. D. (1966). The study of the basic properties of the nervous system and their significance for the psychology of individual differences. Soviet Psychology and Psychiatry, 4(3–4), 80–85. https://doi.org/10.2753/RPO1061-040504030480

Tichenor, S., & Yaruss, J. S. (2020). Repetitive negative thinking, temperament, and adverse impact in adults who stutter. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 29(1), 201–215. https://doi.org/10.1044/2019_AJSLP-19-00077

Treleaven, S. B., & Coalson, G. A. (2020). Manual response inhibition and quality of life in adults who stutter. Journal of Communication Disorders, 88, 106053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2020.106053

Treleaven, S. B., & Coalson, G. A. (2021). Verbal response inhibition in adults who stutter. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 64(9), 3382–3397. https://doi.org/10.1044/2021_JSLHR-20-00739

Wiltink, J., Vogelsang, U., & Beutel, M. E. (2006). Temperament and personality: The German version of the Adult Temperament Questionnaire (ATQ). GMS Psycho-Social Medicine, 3, Article 10.

Zebrowski, P. M., & Conture, E. G. (1989). Judgments of disfluency by mothers of stuttering and normally fluent children. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 32(3), 625–634. https://doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3203.625