Aguinis, H., Beaty, J. C., Boik, R. J., & Pierce, C. A. (2005). Effect size and power in assessing moderating effects of categorical variables using multiple regression: A 30-year review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(1), 94–107. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.1.94

Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469

Brzezińska, A., Kaczan, R., Piotrowski, K., & Rękosiewicz, M. (2011), Odroczona dorosłość: fakt czy artefakt? [Postponed adulthood: fact or artefact?] Nauka, 4, 67‒107.

Budner, S. (1962). Intolerance of ambiguity as a personality variable. Journal of Personality, 30, 29–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1962.tb02303.x

Buhl, H. M., & Lanz, M. (2007). Emerging adulthood in Europe: Common traits and variability across five European countries. Journal of Adolescent Research, 22(5), 439–443. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558407306345

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum.

Di Maggio, I., Ginevra, M. C., Santilli, S., Nota, L., & Soresi, S. (2020). The role of career adaptability, the tendency to consider systemic challenges to attain a sustainable development, and hope to improve investments in higher education. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 1926. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01926

Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146

Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A.-G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149–1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149

Frazier, P. A., Tix, A. P., & Barron, K. E. (2004). Testing moderator and mediator effects in counseling psychology research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(1), 115–134. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.51.1.115

Furnham, A., & Ribchester, T. (1995). Tolerance of ambiguity: A review of the concept, its measurement and applications. Current Psychology, 14(3), 179–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02686907

Gati, I., Landman, S., Davidovitch, S., Asulin-Peretz, L., & Gadassi, R. (2010). From career decision-making styles to career decision-making profiles: A multidimensional approach. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 76(2), 277–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2009.11.001

Gati, I., & Levin, N. (2014). Counseling for career decision-making difficulties: Measures and methods. The Career Development Quarterly, 62(2), 98–113. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.2014.00073.x

Ginevra, M. C., & Capozza, D. (2015). Il coraggio: Dalle definizioni ad alcune considerazioni per le attività di counselling [Courage: From definition to some suggestions for counselling activities]. In L. Nota & S. Soresi (Eds.), Il counselling del futuro (pp. 111–122). Cleup.

Ginevra, M. C., Magnano, P., Lodi, E., Annovazzi, C., Camussi, E., Patrizi, P., & Nota, L. (2018). The role of career adaptability and courage on life satisfaction in adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 62(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.11.002

Ginevra, M. C., Santilli, S., Camussi, E., Magnano, P., Capozza, D., & Nota, L. (2020). The Italian adaptation of courage measure. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 20(3), 457–475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10775-019-09412-4

Hannah, S. T., Sweeney, P. J., & Lester, P. B. (2007). Toward a courageous mindset: The subjective act and experience of courage. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2(2), 129–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760701228854

Hayes, A., F. (2022). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A Regression-Based Approach (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.

Hofstede, G. (2000). Kultury i organizacje. Zaprogramowanie umysłu [Cultures and organisations. Programming the mind]. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.

Holland, J. L. (1997). Making vocational choices: A theory of vocational personalities and work environments. Psychological Assessment Resources.

Howard, M. C., & Alipour, K. K. (2014). Does the courage measure really measure courage? A theoretical and empirical evaluation. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9(5), 449–459. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2014.910828

Howard, M. C., Farr, J. L., Grandey, A. A., & Gutworth, M. B. (2017). The creation of the Workplace Social Courage Scale (WSCS): An investigation of internal consistency, psychometric properties, validity, and utility. Journal of Business and Psychology, 32(6), 673–690. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-016-9463-8

Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118

Jaworski, M. (1998). Polska adaptacja Skali Potrzeby Domknięcia Poznawczego [Polish adaptation of the Need for Cognitive Closure Scale]. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 14(1–2), 151–163.

Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). The Guilford Press.

Koerner, M. M. (2014). Courage as identity work: Accounts of workplace courage. Academy of Management Journal, 57(1), 63–93. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.0641

Kruglanski, A. W. (1990). Lay epistemic theory in social-cognitive psychology. Psychological Inquiry, 1(3), 181–197. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0103_1

Lanz, M., & Tagliabue, S. (2007). Do I really need someone in order to become an adult? Romantic relationships during emerging adulthood in Italy. Journal of Adolescent Research, 22(5), 531–549. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558407306713

Levin, N., Braunstein-Bercovitz, H., Lipshits-Braziler, Y., Gati, I., & Rossier, J. (2020). Testing the structure of the Career Decision-Making Difficulties Questionnaire across country, gender, age, and decision status. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 116(Part A), Article 103365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2019.103365

Lipshits-Braziler, Y., Gati, I., & Tatar, M. (2016). Strategies for coping with career indecision. Journal of Career Assessment, 24(1), 42–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072714566795

Luyckx, K., Goossens, L., & Soenens, B. (2006). A developmental contextual perspective on identity construction in emerging adulthood. Advances in Psychology Research, 42, 85–113. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.2.366

Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., & Avolio, B. J. (2007). Psychological capital: Developing the human competitive edge. Oxford University Press.

Macek, P., Bejček, J., & Vaníčková, J. (2007). Contemporary Czech emerging adults: Generation growing up in the period of social changes. Journal of Adolescent Research, 22(5), 444–475. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558407305417

Magnano, P., Lodi, E., Zammitti, A., & Patrizi, P. (2021). Courage, career adaptability, and readiness as resources to improve well-being during the university-to-work transition in Italy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), Article 2919. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062919

Magnano, P., Paolillo, A., Platania, S., & Santisi, G. (2017). Courage as a potential mediator between personality and coping. Personality and Individual Differences, 111, 13–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.01.047

Norton, P. J., & Weiss, B. J. (2009). The role of courage on behavioral approach in a fear-eliciting situation: A proof of concept pilot study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(2), 212–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.07.002

Park, I.-J., Hai, S., Lee, S., & Sohn, Y. (2019). Investigating psychometrics of Career Decision Ambiguity Tolerance Scale. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 2067. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02067

Park, S., Garrison, Y. L., & Liu, W. M. (2020). Career decision ambiguity tolerance of Asian men in the United States. Journal of Career Development, 47(6), 642–656. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845318811675

Pajestka, G. (2023a). Workplace Social Courage Scale – psychometric evaluation of the tool and preliminary evidence of its validity. Polskie Forum Psychologiczne, 28(4), 427–449. https://doi.org/10.34767/PFP.2023.04.02

Pajestka, G. (2023b). Facing fear with courage: psychometric and behavioral evidence of the Courage Measure (CM) in Poland. Annals of Psychology, 26(3), 261–289. https://doi.org/10.18290/rpsych2023.0015

Platania, S., Morando, M., Magnano, P., & Santisi, G. (2023). Assessing the impact of courage and proactive personality on Italian and Spanish psychology students in career transitions: A multigroup analysis. Australian Journal of Career Development, 32(2), 107–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/10384162231168213

Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recomened remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879

PwC. Młodzi Polacy na rynku pracy [Young Poles in the labour market] (2022). https://www.pwc.pl/pl/pdf/mlodzi-polacy-na-rynku-pracy-2022_pl.pptx.pdf

Rate, C. R., Clarke, J. A., Lindsay, D. R., & Sternberg, R. J. (2007). Implicit theories of courage. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2(2), 80–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760701228755

Reinders, H. (2006). Jugendtypen zwischen Bildung und Freizeit: Theoretische Präzisierung und empirische Prüfung einer differenziellen Theorie der Adoleszenz [Youth types between education and leisure: Theoretical clarification and empirical testing of a differential theory of adolescence]. Waxmann.

Reinders, H., Bergs-Winkels, D., Butz, P., & Claßen, G. (2001). Typologische Entwicklungswege Jugendlicher. Die horizontale Dimension sozialräumlicher Entfaltung [Typological development paths of young people. The horizontal dimension of socio-spatial development]. In J. Mansel, W. Schweins, & M. Ulbrich-Herrmann (Eds.), Zukunftsperspektiven Jugendlicher. Wirtschaftliche und soziale Entwicklungen als Herausforderung und Bedrohung für die Lebensplanung (pp. 200–216). Juventa Verlag.

Reinders, H., & Butz, P. (2001). Entwicklungswege Jugendlicher zwischen Transition und Moratorium [Typological development paths of young people: The horizontal dimension of socio-spatial development]. Zeitschrift für Pädagogik, 47(6), 913–928. https://doi.org/10.25656/01:4325

Rękosiewicz, M. (2013a). Kwestionariusz Partycypacji Społecznej (KPS): Konstrukcja i analiza właściwości psychometrycznych [Social Participation Questionnaire (SPQ): Construction and Analysis of Psychometric Characteristics]. Studia Psychologiczne, 51(3), 35–52. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10167-010-0071-4

Rękosiewicz, M. (2013b). Type of social participation and identity formation in adolescence and emerging adulthood. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 44(3), 277–287. https://doi.org/10.2478/ppb-2013-0031

Savickas, M. L. (2005). The theory and practice of career construction. In S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research to work (pp. 42–70). John Wiley & Sons.

Savickas, M. L., & Porfeli, E. J. (2012). Career Adapt-Abilities Scale: Construction, reliability, and measurement equivalence across 13 countries. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80, 661–673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.01.011

Sirsch, U., Dreher, E., Mayr, E., & Willinger, U. (2009). What does it take to be an adult in Austria?: Views of adulthood in Austrian adolescents, emerging adults, and adults. Journal of Adolescent Research, 24(3), 275–292. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558408331184

Sovet, L., Annovazzi, C., Ginevra, M. C., Kaliris, A., & Lodi, E. (2018). Life design in adolescence: The role of positive psychological resources. In V. Cohen-Scali, J. Rossier, & L. Nota (Eds.), New perspectives on career counseling and guidance in Europe: Building careers in changing and diverse societies (pp. 23–37). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61476-2_2

Terwee, C. B., Bot, S. D, de Boer, M. R., van der Windt, D. A., Knol, D. L., Dekker, J., Bouter, L. M., & de Vet, H. C. (2007). Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires. Journal of Clininical Epidemiology, 60(1), 34–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.03.012

Turska, E., & Stasiła-Sieradzka, M. (2016). Orientacja życiowa i typ partycypacji społecznej a gotowość do aktywności przedsiębiorczej w okresie wschodzącej dorosłości [Life orientation and type of social participation and readiness for entrepreneurial activity in emerging adulthood]. Społeczeństwo i Edukacja, 21(2), 89–102.

Udayar, S., Levin, N., Lipshits-Braziler, Y., Rochat, S., Di Fabio, A., Gati, I., Sovet, L., & Rossier, J. (2020). Difficulties in career decision making and self-evaluations: A meta-analysis. Journal of Career Assessment, 28(4), 608–635. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072720910089

Wawrzonek, A. (2020). Wyłaniający się rynek pracy – realia i wyzwania rzeczywistości postpandemicznej [The emerging labor market: realities and challenges of the post-pandemic reality]. Studia Edukacyjne, 58, 123–145. https://doi.org/10.14746/se.2020.59.7

Webster, D. M., & Kruglanski, A. W. (1994). Individual differences in need for cognitive closure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(6), 1049–1062. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.67.6.1049

Xu, H., & Adams, P. (2020). Ambiguity aversion in career decision-making: Its longitudinal prediction for college career outcomes. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 67(2), 232–240. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000379

Xu, H., Hou, Z.-J., Tracey, T. J. G., & Zhang, X. (2016). Variations of career decision ambiguity tolerance between China and the United States and between high school and college. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 93, 120–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2016.01.007

Xu, H., & Tracey, T. J. G. (2014). The role of ambiguity tolerance in career decision making. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85(1), 18–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.04.001

Xu, H., & Tracey, T. J. G. (2015a). Ambiguity tolerance with career indecision: An examination of the mediation effect of career decision-making self-efficacy. Journal of Career Assessment, 23(4), 519–532. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072714553073

Xu, H., & Tracey, T. J. G. (2015b). Career Decision Ambiguity Tolerance Scale: Construction and initial validations. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 88, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2015.01.006

Xu, H., & Tracey, T. J. G. (2017a). Career decision ambiguity tolerance and its relations with adherence to the RIASEC structure and calling. Journal of Career Assessment, 25(4), 715–730. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072716665874

Xu, H., & Tracey, T. J. G. (2017b). The reciprocal dynamic model of career decision ambiguity tolerance with career indecision: A longitudinal three-wave investigation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(5), 538–549. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000220

You, B., Donthu, N., & Lenartowicz, T. (2011). Measuring Hofstede’s five dimensions of cultural values at the individual level: development and validation of CVSCALE. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 23(3), 193–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/08961530.2011.578059